{"id":20123,"date":"2023-01-18T08:01:16","date_gmt":"2023-01-18T08:01:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marcus.co.ke\/mario\/?page_id=20123"},"modified":"2023-02-08T07:00:44","modified_gmt":"2023-02-08T07:00:44","slug":"dr-peter-m-litchfield-good-breathing-bad-breathing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.atem-therapeut.ch\/en\/dr-peter-m-litchfield-good-breathing-bad-breathing\/","title":{"rendered":"Dr. Peter M. Litchfield: Good Breathing \u2013 Bad Breathing"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Peter Lichtbild<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBreathing is unique behavior that regulates acid-base physiology. Acid-base physiology is about the pH balance of the body and fluids, including blood and the fluids surrounding tissue cells (interstitial fluid). The effects of deregulated pH (or chemistry) on health and performance can be dramatic and profound. The way you have learned to breathe should have a much greater impact on you than you could have ever imagined!<\/b><\/b>\n\nGood breathing behavior means proper regulation of body chemistry (pH), a chemistry that ensures electrolyte balance \u2013 proper distribution of oxygen. Poor breathing behavior means deregulation of body chemistry. Breathing, like any other behavior, is regulated to varying degrees by learning and thus by motivation, emotion, cognition, perception, and memory. Bringing together two simple facts, that (1) breathing is a behavior subject to the principles of learning, and that (2) breathing regulates body chemistry (pH), means bringing together biology and behavioral science in a profound way, thus opening up practical avenues relevant to the lives of millions of people.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Symptoms triggered by overbreathing<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRESPIRATION: shortness of breath, shortness of breath, feelings of suffocation.\n\nBREAST: Tightness, pressure and pain\n\nSKIN: Sweat, cold, tingling and numbness.\n\nHEART: palpitations, irregularities, increased rate\n\nEMOTION: Anxiety, anger, panic, fear, worry, outburst, crying\n\nSTRESS: tension, fatigue, weakness, headache, high blood pressure\n\nHEAD: Dizziness, loss of balance, fainting, blackout, confusion, disorientation.\n\nSENSES: blurred vision, dry mouth, sound seems distant, reduced pain threshold.\n\nSELF: traumatic memories, low self-esteem, personality changes.\n\nIDENTIFICATION: Attention deficit, loss of focus, inability to think, memory impairment.\n\nCONSCIOUSNESS: Feelings of \\\u201dother worldliness\\\u201d, feeling of disconnectedness, hallucinations.\n\nPERIPHERAL CHANGES: trembling, twitching and shaking.\n\nMUSCLE: tetany, spasm, weakness, fatigue and pain.\n\nABDOMEN: Nausea, cramps and flatulence.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hypocapnia<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBreathing behavior regulates pH by proper exhalation (ventilation) of carbon dioxide (CO2). In fact, pH plays an important role in the distribution of oxygen itself. The proper exhalation of CO2 at rest is only about 12 to 15 percent of the total amount of CO2 that enters the lungs. The remaining 85 to 88 percent of CO2 is retained in the blood and is essential for pH.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Regulation<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExhalation of more than this relatively small amount of CO2 results in a CO2 deficit in the blood and other body fluids, i.e., deregulated respiratory chemistry known as hypocapnia. Traditional common sense has led us astray with the assumption that CO2 is toxic. This superstition must be replaced by facts. Hypocapnia is the result of overbreathing behavior, the mismatch of breathing rate and depth. Its consequence is elevated pH or respiratory alkalosis, which can trigger profound immediate and long-term effects, and can cause a variety of emotional, perceptual, cognitive, attentional, behavioral and physical deficits that seriously impair health and performance. Although the fundamental importance of CO2 in the regulation of body chemistry is common knowledge to any pulmonary or acid-base physiologist, it is virtually unknown to most patients, health educators, and respiratory trainers.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Overbreathing behavior<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOverbreathing can be bad breathing, and like any behavior, it can be learned. Its effects on body chemistry can cause \\\u201dunexplained symptoms\\\u201d, or misunderstood performance deficits, or acute and chronic \\\u201dstress effects\\\u201d, all of which are mistakenly attributed to other causes. Good breathing behaviors, on the other hand, can improve people\u2019s health and quality of life, leading to performance improvements, but also to \\\u201dunexplained positive outcomes\\\u201d and placebo effects that are often mistakenly easily attributed to a physician\u2019s treatment intervention. Educating people about breathing as a learned behavior personalizes these effects \u2013 the good and the bad. In this context, the effects of breathing on health and performance, as well as behavioral consequences, become clear, rather than unexplained clinical symptoms and deficits.<\/b><\/b>\n\nOver-breathing behavior is the order of the day. Based on ambulance call surveys, 60 percent of ambulance calls in major U.S. cities are driven as a direct result of symptoms caused by overbreathing. But, for every person who shows up in an emergency, how many more show up in doctors\u2019 offices with unexplained symptoms? How many just keep going to work even though they\u2019re miserable? Not to mention those who report a \\\u201dmedical symptom\\\u201d.\n<\/b><\/b>\nHow many are still suffering from unreported performance deficits that have not even been identified as symptoms? Half of the patients attend outpatient clinics run by the UK National Healthcare Services (NHS). There, they are given a diagnosis of \\\u201ddysfunction\\\u201d with no organic factor identified. And unfortunately, they go from practitioner to practitioner without resolution. Hypocapnia may play an important role in many of these cases if it represents homeostatic deregulation due to stress.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Learn and practice breathing<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMillions of people around the world teach and practice breathing behaviors. They all agree that good breathing is the foundation of healthy physiology and psychology. They all claim one success or another and have theories about how, why, when, and where breathing is good or bad. Traditions, culture, personal experience, incomplete knowledge, practical facts, testimonies, misinformation, misunderstandings, myths, and superstitions become diverse \\\u201dschools of thought\\\u201d including theory and practice, usually identified with an \\\u201dinnovative\\\u201d creator and a supporting philosophy.<\/b><\/b>\n\nUnfortunately, however, their knowledge is almost always limited to the mechanics of breathing (such as diaphragmatic breathing) and does not include the underlying physiology and chemistry that cause the most profound effects of the learned breathing behavior.<\/b><\/b>\n\nBreathing assessment and training should address breathing as a behavior. People breathe very differently depending on what they are doing, thinking and feeling. Good body chemistry is critical to health and performance and must be regulated despite the breathing acrobatics of speaking, emotional encounters and professional challenges. And it must be maintained \u2013 whether you are relaxed or stressed, excited or bored, active or inactive, working or playing, focused or distracted. Insisting on slow breathing and relaxation at these times, for example, is not only unrealistic, but can be counterproductive. To not directly address breathing behavior in relation to body chemistry is to leave out the most basic, practical, and profound factors that account for (1) the far-reaching effects of poor breathing, as well as (2) the surprising benefits of good breathing. Good breathing does not require relaxation or a specific mechanical prescription, except for one thing: the varied melodies of breathing mechanics must ultimately play the music of balanced chemistry.<\/b><\/b>\n\nIn this article, we review (1) the physiology of hypocapnia and its effects on health and performance, and (2) the behavioral origins, supporting variables, and management of overbreathing behavior. Learning to breathe well works through personal experiential knowledge, not prescriptive expertise. It\u2019s about inside-out personality.<\/b><\/b>\n\nExploration and development, rather than external \u2013 in professional diagnosis and treatment helps us set the course for a new era of health and performance awareness, which \u2013 in contrast to traditional and alternative health care \u2013 emphasizes the psychology of physiology, as well as the role of learning in one\u2019s biology. Breathing behavior is central to moving us through that door. Let\u2019s see why.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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External breathing<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExternal respiration is about the mechanics of breathing, the penetration of oxygen into the lungs and its regulation, this ensures its diffusion into the blood. It also involves the proper diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs and its subsequent excretion into the atmosphere. It includes respiratory rate, respiratory depth (volume of air in a single breath), respiratory rhythm (holding, gasping, sighing), respiratory location (chest and diaphragm), respiratory resistance (nose and mouth), and additional muscle activity (muscles other than the diaphragm). The diaphragm is the primary inspiratory muscle. Inspiration, at rest, typically involves only the diaphragm, and the external intercostal muscles. When the diaphragm contracts, the intestines are pushed to the side and the lungs are pulled down. into the abdominal cavity, creating the negative pressure necessary for inhalation. Exhalation, at rest, is passive; no muscle contractions will be involved, only the relaxation of the diaphragm and the external intercostals. Accessories respiratory muscles that support external breathing, include abdominal, chest, back and neck muscles useful in sports, talking, singing, coughing and so on. \\\u201dChest breathing\\\u201d refers to the use of accessory muscles, and \\\u201dDiaphragmatic breathing\\\u201d refers to breathing dominated by the diaphragm and outer intercostal muscles. Chest breathing, at rest, can mean (1) using extra muscles when they are not needed, (2) using extra muscles to do the work of the diaphragm, and worst of all, (3) using extra muscles at the expense of the diaphragm, ie. \\\u201dreversed\u201d. Breathe. This, as we will see, increases the likelihood of deregulated respiratory chemistry, disturbed acid-base balance.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ventilation and its measurement<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGases (air) are measured by the pressures they exert. When gases are mixed, they each contribute to a total of Print. Each gas contributes a partial pressure. Total air pressure at sea level, at 15\u25e6 C and zero humidity, is 760 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). At sea level partial pressure oxygen, written PO2 is 159 mmHg (20.93%), and partial pressure carbon dioxide, written PCO2, is 0.3 mmHg (less than 0.04%).<\/b><\/b>\n\nThe alveolus is the basic respiratory unit. There are about 300 million alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by approximately 280 billion pulmonary capillaries. Most of the gas exchange, O2 and CO2, occurs in the alveolar capillary unit. Normal inhalation at sea level increases alveolar PO2 (average PO2 in the alveoli) to about 104 mmHg. Because venous blood entering the pulmonary capillary network contains only about 40 mmHg PO2, rapid diffusion from the alveoli, resulting in an arterial PO2 (PaO2) of about 100 mmHg, most of which (98.5%) is in the tissues due to hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Without pure oxygen (with PO2 = 760 mmHg) or hyperbaric chamber pressure (with PO2 = 600 mmHg), O2 dissolved in blood plasma alone is not essential for life. Carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs, where it is excreted (1) into the alveoli for release into the lungs. atmosphere, and (2) allocated to the body for the proper maintenance of acid-base physiology. Redistribution of CO2 means reflexive coordination of respiratory depth and respiratory rate, with arterial PCO2 (PaCO2), which under normal circumstances is at about 40 mmHg to normalize blood plasma pH (about 7.4). PCO2 in capillary venous blood, at rest, is about 46 to 48 mmHg, whereas inspired atmospheric air contains only about 0.3 mmHg PCO2. Because the lung capillary PCO2 equilibrates with alveolar PCO2 as a result of diffusion, alveolar PCO2 levels must also be continuously maintained at approximately 40 mmHg. Thus, if alveolar PCO2 increases, so does arterial PCO2, and if alveolar PCO2 as due to overbreathing, so does arterial CO2. Poor breathing is when learned breathing behaviors interfere with proper breathing.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Regulation of CO2 allocation<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOverbreathing and hypocapnia are measured with a capnograph, an instrument that measures mean alveolar PCO2. In the lungs of a healthy individual, alveolar PCO2 is equivalent to PaCO2. These instruments are used worldwide in emergency.medicine, intensive care, and surgery for gas monitoring and regulation; these are medical applications.<\/b><\/b>\n\nThis article is about the educational applications of capnometry instrumentation, where it is used for the assessment and management of overbreathing behavior, in particular the educational use of the CapnoTrainer. Overbreathing reduces alveolar PCO2 levels, resulting in local hypocapnia, i.e., reduced CO2 levels in the lungs, which alone may directly increase the likelihood of bronchoconstriction and airway resistance and reduce lung compliance. As a result, breathing can become more labored and a significant contributor both physically and psychologically (e.g., fear of not breathing), to the likelihood of a breathless episode, even an asthma attack.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Acid-base balance, hydrogen ion concentration and pH value<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAcid-base balance is about regulating hydrogen ion concentration, written[H+ in body fluids (50% of body) weight) These fluids are both intracellular (fluids inside cells, 32% body weight) and extracellular (fluids outside cells), 18% body weight). Extracellular fluids include blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, lymphatic fluid, and interstitial fluid. (fluid in the immediate vicinity of the cells). Maintaining the correct levels of[H+]. Also known as pH, is absolutely critical for healthy physiology, healthy psychology and optimal performance. Because the pH, mathematically speaking, is the negative logarithm of H+ when the pH increases [H+] and when the pH decreases [H+]. increases. The pH of the water is 7.0, but contains an equivalent concentration of hydroxyl ions[OH die den Versatz[H+] balances. and is thus designated as \\\u201dneutral\\\u201d (buffered). Thus, solutions with a pH below 7.0, where[H+ gr\u00f6\u00dfer als[OH\u00af] is. are pissed off. And, solutions with pH values above 7.0, where[OH\u00af ist gr\u00f6\u00dfer als[H+]. are alkaline. The range of extracellular pH values is very limited Blood plasma, for example, is a slightly alkaline aqueous (water) solution with a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45. Plasma acidemia is a pH below 7.35 (although it is still alkaline), and plasma acidemia is a pH above 7.45. Plasma pH values below 6.9 and above 7.8 are fatal. Values below 7.35 and above 7.45 can lead to physical complaints, psychological changes and performance deficits. Hydrogen ions are produced by the body through metabolism. Most of these ions are \\\u201dutilized\\\u201d, which means that they are either \\\u201dconsumed\\\u201d in the synthesis of other body substances, such as glucose, or they are oxidized, converted to CO2 and H2O. Before the use of hydrogen ions or before their excretion, as in the case of protein metabolism, they are replaced by bicarbonates (HCO3). This maintains the pH and prevents metabolic acidosis (lower pH). Examples of metabolic acids are lactic acid, which is produced in its largest amounts during anaerobic metabolism, and keto acids, which are produced by fat metabolism. The hydrogen ions of these acids are continuously utilized and thus the bicarbonates used to buffer them are continuously restored.<\/b><\/b>\n\nThe Henderson-Hasselbach (H-H) equation, familiar to virtually anyone who has studied basic physiology, tells us that pH in extracellular fluids is regulated by the relationship between the presence of carbon dioxide, PCO2, from respiration and bicarbonate concentration, [HCO3 regulated by the kidneys: pH = [HCO3] \u00f7 PCO2. Changes in the numerator of the equation, bicarbonate levels, are generally slow (8 hours to 5 days), while changes in the denominator, carbon dioxide, are immediate. This puts breathing at the center of the current acid-base regulation. In the case of blood plasma, a PaCO2 of about 40 mmHg results in a pH of about 7.4. Discharging too much CO2 by breathing deep, or fast, or both, represents an overbreathing behavior that lowers PCO2 below 40 and raises pH above 7.4, making plasma (and other extracellular fluids) too alkaline.<\/b><\/b>\n\nIn general, PaCO2 values below 35 mmHg represent hypocapnia: 30-35 mmHg is mild to moderate, 25-30 mmHg is severe, and 20-25 mmHg is severe hypocapnia. One of the direct consequences of the CO2 deficit is smooth muscle. Constriction, including with muscles in: (1) the intestines, leading to increased likelihood of spasm, pain, and nausea; (2) the lungs, leading to bronchoconstriction; (3) the placenta, leading to decreased blood flow and nutrient supply to the fetus; and (4) the vasculature, leading to cerebral artery stenosis, coronary stenosis, vasoconstriction. Resistance, vasospasm, and higher blood pressure. Smooth muscle constriction as a result of hypocapnia, depending on the individual, can lead to symptoms of all kinds, including most of the symptoms identified with the \\\u201deffects of stress\\\u201d.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Reflexive balancing breathing<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBasic respiratory reflexes are regulated by spinal cord and brainstem mechanisms. These centers regulate respiration, breath to breath, based on the pH of the surrounding cerebrospinal and interstitial fluids, along with PCO2. surprisingly not PO2. However, in addition to receptor sites in the nervous system, there are also receptor sites in the aorta. and the carotid arteries, which are sensitive not only to arterial CO2 and arterial pH but also to arterial PO2 (PaO2).<\/b><\/b>\n\nWhen the numerator of the H-H equation, bicarbonate concentration, is disturbed by a metabolic state, there is a normally reflexive respiratory compensation, with PCO2, the denominator of the equation, rising or falling to maintain the ratio and thus the pH in the normal range, in the case of blood plasma 7.35 to 7.45. For example, when bicarbonate concentration is reduced by ketoacidosis (diabetes), overbreathing reduces arterial PCO2 and restores extracellular pH. Overbreathing in this case, despite its possible negative side effects, is an adaptive response to ketoacidosis.<\/b><\/b>\n\nAnother important example of reflexive airway compensation is during heavy exercise. During the transition from aerobic to anaerobic exercise, abnormal amounts of lactic acid are produced. production of hydrogen ions begins to \\\u201doutflank\u201d its use, and there may no longer be an adequate bicarbonate reserve, leading to lactic acidosis.<\/b><\/b>\n\nFortunately, lung capacity usually exceeds cardiovascular capacity, so acidosis is possible during strenuous exercise. compensated by overbreathing, PaCO2 reduction. Observing PCO2 levels during exercise, on a stationary bike or on a treadmill, gives sports and fitness enthusiasts a rough indication of their anaerobic threshold: when CO2 levels drop. Compensation of respiration in lactic acidosis has begun.Chemo-regulatory management of brainstem respiration relies mainly on the diaphragm for its control. So, learned use of accessory muscles during stress and challenge, thoracic breathing, can lead to deregulation of brainstem mechanisms that lead to symptoms of hypocapnia, which is usually due to \\\u201dstress\\\u201d rather than response to challenge, in this case deregulated breathing behavior. Unfortunately, practitioners who do not understand breathing. a behavioral perspective, neither assess the likely behavioral contributions to the deregulated denominator of the H-H equation nor educate their clients\/patients about how to manage breathing behaviors and their personal consequences.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Inner breathing<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Internal respiration is about transporting oxygen in the blood from the lungs to the cells and transporting metabolic carbon dioxide from the tissue cells into the blood and lungs.<\/p>

Once CO2 and H2O enter the interstitial fluid (around the cells) as a result of cellular respiration, they diffuse into the plasma of the blood. About 90 percent of the CO2 then diffuses into the red blood cells. The balance of about 10 percent remains dissolved in the plasma, the dissolved PCO2. The presence of CO2 in the red blood cell, as we will see, is critical. for oxygen distribution. Carbon dioxide is hydrated (combined with H2O) to form carbonic acid: CO2 + H2O \u2194 H2CO3.Carbonic acid dissociates (decomposes) into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions: H2CO3 \u2194 H+HCO3. The increased presence of hydrogen ions, H+ means that the red blood cells become less alkaline, i.e. the pH of the fluid (cytosol) in red.blood cells drop. The bicarbonates, HCO3, diffuse into the blood where they buffer acids, such as lactic acid. The amount of CO2 produced by the tissues determines exactly how much carbonic acid is formed, and thus the pH of the red blood cells, as well as the amount of bicarbonate that enters the plasma. The presence of CO2 gas and the drop in pH inside erythrocytes independently and jointly alter the spatial constitution of hemoglobin, affecting its affinity for oxygen, i.e., it releases its oxygen more readily and increases plasma PO2 levels; this change is called the Bohr effect.Thus, hemoglobin distributes its O2 more readily to the tissues that need it, while buffering hydrogen.Ions to restore normal pH in red blood cells. Reduced pH and increased PCO2 not only predispose hemoglobin to release.<\/p>

oxygen, but also nitric oxide (a gas), a potent vasodilator. The result is increased blood volume and blood flow,which increases oxygen and glucose supply to cells that produce more CO2.Increased PCO2 levels lead to increased (1) oxygen supply (more blood), (2) glucose supply (more blood), (3) PO2(O2\/ml blood) and bicarbonates to buffer acids. Proper PCO2 regulation means that the chemistry of red blood cells the surrounding tissue metabolism. Overbreathing reduces dissolved PCO2 and thus CO2 and carbonic acid in red blood cells. This means reduced hydrogen ion concentration, increased pH in red blood cells. The effect on hemoglobin is twofold: (1) increased affinity for O2 (Bohr effect), reducing the likelihood of release into plasma, and (2) decreased release of nitric oxide, resulting in vasoconstriction. This results in less oxygen (local hypoxia), less glucose (local hypoglycemia), and reduced buffering capacity for the tissues in need. Reduced nitric oxide also increases platelet levels, their aggregation and \\\u201dadhesion\\\u201d tendency, increasing the likelihood of blood clotting.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hypocapnia and electrolyte balance<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHypocapnia has a direct effect on the electrolyte balance of extracellular fluids. In the brain, for example, sodium ions in the\n\nthe interstitial fluid is exchanged for hydrogen ions in the neurons. This does lower the pH of the interstitial fluid.\n\ntoward normal, which is desirable, the excess sodium ions increase neuronal excitability, contractility, and metabolism.\n\nEven more unfortunate, this increase in metabolism occurs when neurons can least afford it, during a period of reduced\n\nCirculation and deficits of oxygen and glucose. This lowers the threshold for anaerobic glycolysis, which increases the\n\nLikelihood of lactic acidosis in neurons, which may lead to further physical and mental symptoms; and\n\nDeficits. It can also lead to excitotoxin production and antioxidant depletion.\n\nHypocapnia alters the balance of calcium and magnesium in muscles, increasing the likelihood of tetany and spasms,\n\nWeakness and fatigue. This includes skeletal muscles with serious consequences for athletes and fitness enthusiasts. And, it\n\nincludes smooth muscles in which imbalance can increase or trigger migraine, angina, and electrocardiogram.\n\nAnomalies. The transport of sodium and potassium ions into cells in exchange for hydrogen ions may also result.\n\non symptoms and deficiencies associated with sodium and potassium deficiency.\n\nRespiration and renal physiology\n\nThe nephron, the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney, is responsible for the purification and filtration of blood.\n\nDuring filtration, bicarbonates leave the blood and become part of the nephron filtrate, including water, electrolytes, glucose,\n\nAmino acids, vitamins, small proteins, creatinine and urea. When these substances pass through the nephron, many of them become\n\nare selectively reabsorbed and returned to the blood, including sodium and bicarbonate ions. Other substances are\n\nfrom the surrounding cells and capillaries, such as hydrogen and ammonium ions, are excreted into the filtrate. Carbon dioxide\n\nplays a role both in the return of bicarbonates from the filtrate to the blood and in the synthesis of new\n\nBicarbonates lost by buffering unused hydrogen ions generated during protein metabolism.\n\nCarbon dioxide and H2O, in the filtrate, diffuse into the tubular cells surrounding the filtrate to form carbonic acid: CO2\n\nH2O \u2194 H2CO3. As with red blood cells, carbonic acid breaks down into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions: H2CO3 \u2194 H+\n\nHCO3. The bicarbonates in the tubular cells are transported into the surrounding capillaries and are thus\n\nfully recovered for general distribution. The hydrogen ions in these cells are transported into the filtrate.\n\nSodium ions Sodium ions in the tubular cells are transported to the capillaries along with the bicarbonate ions, and\n\nthus returned to the general cycle. And, the hydrogen ions, now in the filtrate, combine with more bicarbonate ions in the\n\nFiltrate to carbonic acid: H+ HCO3 \u2194 H2CO3. The carbonic acid contained in the filtrate dehydrates to CO2 and H2O, which are\n\nthen diffuse into the same tubular cells, where they again form carbonic acid in the tubular cells, and the cycle begins.\n\nanew. An almost identical process, which also requires CO2, allows the synthesis of new bicarbonates to replace the bicarbonates.\n\nlost in the buffering of acids produced during protein metabolism. In this case, however, H+ is\n\nin the filtrate is combined with sodium phosphate and excreted instead of being used in the formation of H2O, which is reabsorbed by tubular cells.\n\nOverbreathing leads to a CO2 deficit in the kidneys, resulting in less bicarbonate being extracted from the filtrate, and\n\nno more new bicarbonate is formed. This may mean that bicarbonate ions, which are critical for buffering metabolic acids,\n\nsuch as lactic acid, which is produced during exercise, are depleted. The consequences can be: (1) Impairment of physical performance.\n\nendurance in sports and fitness enthusiasts and (2) the incidence of fatigue associated with chronic stress,\n\nwhere adequate buffering of even small amounts of lactic acid is compromised. The exchange of hydrogen ions for sodium\n\nions is also reduced and may contribute to the development of sodium deficiency and associated symptoms.\n\nSyndromes, symptoms, and deficits triggered, exacerbated, or caused by overbreathing.\n\nThe effects of a behavioral change in acid-base physiology can be profound and dramatic.\n\nPhysiology. For example, it has been common practice in emergency medicine for many years to\n\nHypocapnia to reduce bleeding and swelling in the brain. Although it can be life-saving in the event of head trauma, it is a\n\nnow recommended against because of the potentially dangerous side effects that may outweigh its benefits. Unfortunately\n\nmany of us engage the same \\\u201demergency procedure\\\u201d without realizing it when we go to work, face challenges, and\n\ncommunicate with others. Hypocapnia can lead to serious changes in brain chemistry, resulting in profound physical and mental changes.\n\npsychological changes.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Some effects of hypocapnia<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS: Epilepsy, ADD, ADHD.\n\nCOGNITIVE DEFICITS: Attention, learning, thinking, problem solving, memory.\n\nPSYCHOMOTOR TROUBLESHOOTING: coordination, response time, integration.\n\nEMOTIONAL REACTIVITY: Anger, fear, bad mood, frustration tolerance.\n\nPERFORMANCE ANXIETY: public speaking, test recordings, music evenings\n\nPSYCHOLOGICAL SYNDROMS: phobias, panic attacks, anxiety syndromes, depressions\n\nPERSONAL CHANGES: self-esteem, self-confidence, cognitive style, emotional attitude.\n\nDEFENSE: denial, self-talk, dissociation, disconnectedness.\n\nSTRESS SYMPTOMS: fatigue, generalized anxiety, burnout and physical symptoms.\n\nCARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS: angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, nonspecific pain, ECG abnormalities.\n\nVASCULAR SYMPTOMS: hypertension, migraine phenomena, digital arterial spasms, ischemia.\n\nRESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS: bronchial constriction and spasm, asthma symptoms and seizures.\n\nGASTRIC SYMPTOMS: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), nausea, cramps, bloating, non-ulcer dyspepsia.\n\nPREGNANCY: fetal health, premature birth, symptoms during pregnancy.\n\nMUSCLE COMPROMISES: spasm, hyperreflexia, pain, tetany, weakness, fatigue and stiffness.\n\nNEUROMUSCULAR DYSFUNCTIONS: repetitive strain injury (RSI), pain, injury, fibromyalgia.\n\nBLUTIRREGULARITIES: red blood cell rigidity (effects of calcium), thrombosis (blood clotting).\n\nPHYSICAL DEFICITS: physical endurance, altitude sickness, acute fatigue, chronic fatigue, exertion syndrome.\n\nSLEEP DISTURBANCES: Apnea and other disorders\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Henderson-Hasselbach equation rewritten<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhysicians are interested in the organic factors that interfere with the numerator of the H-H equation, bicarbonate.\n\nConcentration. Breathing, the denominator, is considered a reflexive chemical-physiological compensatory mechanism.\n\nwhich helps to restore the acid-base balance. Integrating behavioral science with the H-H equation,\n\nmeans examining behavioral and psychological variables that interfere with the denominator of the equation. Therefore the equation\n\ncan be rewritten as follows: Acid-base regulation (pH) = physiology \u00f7 behavior (respiration), or even physiology \u00f7\n\nPsychology, where psychology enters through its effects on breathing behavior. The effects are impressive.\n\nIn reviewing this equation, it is important to note that pH not only has a profound effect on behavior, but also on human behavior.\n\nhas an immense influence on the pH value. Why is this not common knowledge? Why is the content of this article new to most readers?\n\nWhy aren\u2019t practitioners everywhere implementing this knowledge? The answers are really very simple: (1) Medical\n\nPractitioners practice what they have learned and provide the services for which they are licensed. They are usually not\n\nBehavioral scientists, psychologists, counselors, therapists, teachers, consultants, or breath coaches. Even with the skills,\n\nand the time that the health care system does not yet provide well, either philosophically or financially, for patients.\n\nEducational Services. And, (2) behavioral practitioners have never heard of the H-H equation. Many of them effectively\n\nignore physiology and consider anything related to physiology as beyond the scope of their practice and license.\n\nThus, the otherwise obvious applications become hidden and remote, lost in the departments of cultural thought.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Behavioral causes of overbreathing behavior<\/span><\/h4><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhy do we learn deregulated breathing behaviors? The answers to this question are no more a mystery than the same thing.\n\nQuestions about other behavior, adaptive or maladaptive; the same behavioral principles apply. And, like other\n\nbehavior, overbreathing can be learned quickly and easily, and unfortunately, like so many habits, can be difficult to\n\ndisable, manage, modify or eliminate. Most learning is unconscious. Very little of it is intentional or deliberate.\n\nDeregulation of breathing can be learned based on some of the following behavioral principles:\n\nInstrumental (operant) conditioning, or learning based on reinforcement, is an underlying biological learning principle.\n\nfor the acquisition of many behaviors. Access to emotions, such as anger, can serve as defensive reinforcement.\n\n\\\u201dGasping for air\\\u201d could reinforce and provide a solution to the \\\u201dsurvival metaphor\\\u201d for \\\u201ddrowning\\\u201d. A sense of \\\u201dcontrol\\\u201d.\n\ncan be achieved through targeted regulation, external manipulation. Intentional use of additional muscles (mistakenly)\n\ntriggers a feeling of distrust towards the body. \\\u201dMore air\\\u201d gives a (false) sense of security.\n\nSecondary gains resulting from unexplained symptoms and deficits can lead to learning the role of \\\u201dvictimization.\u201d The\n\nrespiratory symptoms and deficits become the basis for visiting alternative practitioners and sympathy,\n\nSupport and attention from family and friends.\n\nClassical (Pavlovian) conditioning, also an underlying biological learning principle, can be used to develop\n\nPhobias about \\\u201dbreathing\u201d that can develop at an early age or at any time as a result of conditions such as.\n\nAsthma. Experiencing the physical sensations of breathing itself can lead to emotional disturbances through classical conditioning\n\nAnswers. And overbreathing itself can become a classically conditioned response to certain emotional, social, and physical factors,\n\nand even professional experience. Stimulus generalization, fundamental to biological learning, means that although overbreathing under a set of\n\ncircumstances, it can \\\u201dgeneralize\\\u201d to similar but different circumstances. This may not only be perceptual, but also\n\nalso metaphorical, where it can be embedded in seemingly disconnected, comprehensive patterns of coping behavior.\n\nVicious cycle behavior can occur where solving a problem becomes a problem. Emptying buffers by\n\nChronic overbreathing, in predisposed individuals, may result in inability to achieve sufficient\n\nBuffer reserves for the treatment of lactic acidosis. So even a minimal effort, like walking through a supermarket, can lead to this.\n\nLactic acidosis. The resulting asymmetric H-H equation, where the numerator has now become smaller, requires compensation.\n\nReduction of PCO2 (the denominator) by overbreathing, a solution to another cause.\n\nCognitive learning may play an important role in the development of overbreathing. Misunderstandings, misinformation, personal\n\nBeliefs about the biological self, experiential ignorance of breathing, misinterpretation of bodily sensations, distrust of the\n\nthe body, defensive thinking, self-talk, and intentional breath manipulation all contribute to setting the stage for learning.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tState-dependent learning may be the result of overbreathing, in which radical changes in brain chemistry and associated\n\nStates of consciousness can provide the context for learning new behaviors, as in the case of drug addiction. Alternative\n\ncognitive styles, emotional attitudes, and self-feelings can then become dependent on the induced state changes.\n\nthrough breathing behavior. The result can be chronic overbreathing behavior, especially in the case of emotional trauma,\n\nwhere a change of state can create the conditions for learning an alternative personality based on defense and security.\n\nCombat flight reflexes may provide the context for learning to overbreathe. Overbreathing can be learned as a defense.\n\nResponse to specific challenges, such as performing in front of an audience or confronting a distressed partner. It can mediate\n\nthrough its immediate and direct effects on brain chemistry, providing dissociation, a\n\nGateway to the separation of emotional vulnerability and traumatic memory. Also as a compensatory reflex for acidosis\n\nas a result of disease, toxicity and organ failure, overbreathing can be reconfigured through learning and experience, as well as\n\nother basic reflexes. Unfavorable physical conditions, e.g. injuries, can be the ideal condition for learning overbreathing.\n\nBreathing is a unique behavior. It refers to the inseparability of physiology and behavior, in which respiration plays an important role.\n\nrole in both homeostasis from a biological perspective and self-regulation from a behavioral perspective. Breathe\n\nBehavior plays both an obvious and subtle role in regulating health and performance. The following considerations\n\nattest to their special place in teaching \\\u201dunexplained symptoms\\\u201d, placebo effects, and the \\\u201deffects of stress\\\u201d.\n\n\u25cfBreathing is an \\\u201deternal\\\u201d behavior. It appears always and everywhere.\n\n\u25cfBreathing is necessarily woven into almost every behavioral landscape.\n\n\u25cfBreathing is a trigger for emotions, memories, thoughts, physical symptoms, self-awareness and personality.\n\n\u25cfBreathing is a gateway that stages, creates backgrounds of meaning, establishes contexts, and alters states.\n\n\u25cfBreathing is centrally controlled from different neurophysiological sites.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Peter Lichtbild Breathing is unique behavior that regulates acid-base physiology. Acid-base physiology is about the pH balance of the body and fluids, including blood and the fluids surrounding tissue cells…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20123","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atem-therapeut.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20123","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atem-therapeut.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atem-therapeut.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atem-therapeut.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atem-therapeut.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20123"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.atem-therapeut.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20123\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atem-therapeut.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20123"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}